加强高校干部队伍群众监督实践的探讨

加强干部队伍监督管理是高校组织工作的一个重要方面，群众监督将发挥其无法替代的作用。本文对高校干部队伍监督管理的目标、内容、重点，以及在高校干部管理中的特点及难点作了分析，对完善领导干部监督机制，特别是对其中的群众监督的实践进行了深入思考和探索。     

公众聚集场所火灾风险评价模型探讨

文章通过对公众聚集场所火灾风险的概率因素和后果因素的分析,提出了一种火灾风险评价的模型,该模型可用于同类公众聚集场所火灾风险之间的比较,为公众聚集场所的火灾风险管理提供了量化的依据,也为公共聚集场所的火灾风险评价提供了一种方法尝试。     

Integrating information for better environmental decisions

As more is learned about the complex nature and extent of environmental impacts from progressive human disturbance, scientists, policy analysts, decision makers, educators, and communicators are increasingly joining forces to develop strategies for preserving and protecting the environment. The Eco-Informa Foundation is an educational scientific organization dedicated to promoting the collaborative development and sharing of scientific information. The Foundation participated in a recent international conference on environmental informatics through a special symposium on integrating information for better environmental decisions. Presentations focused on four general themes: (1) remote sensing and data interpretation, including through new knowledge management tools; (2) risk assessment and communication, including for radioactively contaminated facilities, introduced biological hazards, and food safety; (3) community involvement in cleanup projects; and (4) environmental education. The general context for related issues, methods and applications, and results and recommendations from those discussions are highlighted here.     

Elevated Levels of Cadmium and Zinc in Paddy Soils and Elevated Levels of Cadmium in Rice Grain Downstream of a Zinc Mineralized Area in Thailand: Implications for Public Health

Prolonged consumption of rice containing elevated cadmium (Cd) levels is a significant health issue particularly in subsistence communities that are dependent on rice produced on-farm. This situation is further exacerbated in areas of known non-ferrous mineralization adjacent to rice-based agricultural systems where the opportunity for contamination of rice and its eventual entry into the food chain is high. In the current study, an assessment of the degree of soil Cd and Zn contamination and associated rice grain Cd contamination downstream of an actively mined zone of Zn mineralization in western Thailand was undertaken. Total soil Cd and Zn concentrations in the rice-based agricultural system investigated ranged from 0.5 to 284 mg kg⁻¹ and 100 to 8036 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Further, the results indicate that the contamination is associated with suspended sediment transported to fields via the irrigation supply. Consequently, the spatial distribution of Cd and Zn is directly related to a field’s proximity to primary outlets from in-field irrigation channels and inter-field irrigation flows with 60–100% of the Cd and Zn loading associated with the first three fields in irrigation sequence. Rice grain Cd concentrations in the 524 fields sampled, ranged from 0.05 to 7.7 mg kg⁻¹. Over 90% of the rice grain samples collected contained Cd at concentrations exceeding the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC) draft Maximum Permissible Level for rice grain of 0.2 mg Cd kg⁻¹. In addition, as a function of demographic group, estimated Weekly Intake (WI) values ranged from 20 to 82 μg Cd per kg Body. This poses a significant public health risk to local communities. The results of this study suggest that an irrigation sequence-based field classification technique in combination with strategic soil and rice grain sampling and the estimation of WI values via rice intake alone may be a useful decision support tool to rapidly evaluate potential public health risks in irrigated rice-based agricultural systems receiving Cd contaminated irrigation water. In addition, the proposed technique will facilitate the cost effective strategic targeting of detailed epidemiological studies thus focusing resources to specific ‘high risk’ areas.     

Beyond Biogeography: a Framework for Involving the Public in Planning of U.S. Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  Planning of marine protected areas (MPAs) is highlighted in the conservation literature but is not explored in much detail. Many researchers acknowledge the importance of involving the public in MPA planning, but there is limited guidance on how to do this in an effective manner. I present a framework for involving the public in planning of U.S. MPAs. Derived from empirically and theoretically based research on public participation in U.S. natural resource management, this framework is composed of factors that influence the success of participatory processes: active participant involvement, complete information exchange, fair decision making, efficient administration, and positive participant interactions. Processes incorporating these factors will produce decisions that are more likely to be supported by stakeholders, meet management objectives, and fulfill conservation goals. This framework contributes to the MPA social science literature and responds to calls in the conservation literature to increase the use of social science research to inform conservation decision making.     

Science and Society: Marine Reserve Design for the California Channel Islands

Abstract:  We explored the interaction of science and society in attempts to restore impaired marine ecosystems in Channel Islands National Park and National Marine Sanctuary, California. Deteriorating resource conditions triggered a community's desire to change public policy. Channel Islands National Park, one of 40 marine protected areas in the U.S. National Park System, was proclaimed a national monument in 1938 and expanded substantially in 1980 by an act of Congress. Collapse of marine life populations and loss of 80% of the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests in the park between 1980 and 1998 showed that habitat and water quality protection alone had not secured sustainable ocean ecosystems or fisheries. The failed fishery management strategies and practices prompted formal community and agency requests in 1998 for a network of reserves protected from direct fishing impacts to serve as marine recovery areas. A 2-year attempt to build a community consensus based on science for a reserve network successfully identified recovery goals for fisheries, biodiversity, education, economics, and heritage values. Nevertheless, the community group failed to garner unanimous support for a specific reserve network to achieve those common goals. The group submitted a recommendation, supported by 14 of 16 members, to state and federal authorities in 2001 for action in their respective jurisdictions. California adopted the half of the network in state waters in 2003. This process exposed the socioeconomic factors involved in the design of marine protected areas that can be negotiated successfully among groups of people and factors determined by nature that cannot be negotiated. Understanding the differences among the factors was crucial in reaching consensus and changing public policy.     

Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST): Is there a limit for biotechnology in applied animal agriculture?

The intent of this article is to outline, integrate, and interpret relevant scientific, economic, and social issues of rbST technology that have contributed to the acceptance dilemma for this product. The public is divided into social groups, each with its own set of criteria on which they base rbSTs acceptability. Criteria for the scientific community may best be described as physiological. However, for consumers, criteria may be more practical, or procedural, including human health, animal welfare, environmental concerns, and overproduction. Because the business of dairy production depends on demand from the consuming public, the criteria for acceptance of rbST by producers largely reflects those of the consumers. Of necessity, producers are also critical of rbST from a business and animal improvement standpoint. Although this article demonstrates that rbST has met most physiological criteria for acceptance, the consuming public has treated the acceptance issue with forceful skepticism. The question this article addresses is, why? The authors comment that with rbST and other biotechnologies applied to agricultural animal production, it will be the responsibility of government health agencies, scientists, and manufacturers of the products to provide early, adequate, and honest public education. Attention to the concerns of the public may be the only means to prevent hysteria over this and future agricultural products of biotechnology and will, therefore, allow the public to form logical and thoughtful criteria assessments with respect to acceptance or rejection of each product.     

基于实测数据的南京地铁换乘楼梯流量系统动力学分析

在实测数据的基础上,经过数据处理和分析,获得了地铁高峰运行期间换乘乘客在通道和楼梯口的速度-时间、密度-时间、流量-时间曲线。在所得统计曲线的基础上,根据系统动力学理论和方法,结合紧急疏散模型,用Vensim仿真软件建立了基于实测数据的地铁换乘系统动力学模型,并对仿真模拟后的数据进行分析,发现换乘楼梯流量随楼梯长度增加逐渐减小,并最终趋近2.5人/s;随楼梯宽度增加逐渐增大,并最终趋近5.1人/s。通过Origin软件拟合出两条曲线,并得出了流量与长度、宽度的定量关系。     

紧急疏散下的引导员设置与仿真模拟

为研究公共场所内引导员的设置对紧急疏散及逃生效率的影响,进行了3种工况的紧急疏散仿真模拟研究。基于分区疏散理念进行疏散区域的划分和引导员位置的设置,运用Building Exodus软件对3种工况下的人员紧急疏散情况进行仿真模拟,3种工况为无引导员、基于最短路径原则而设置引导员、综合考虑出口通行能力和最短路径原则而设置引导员。计算3种工况下的待疏散人员逃生效率及逃生时间,并进行对比分析。结果表明:综合考虑出口通行能力和最短路径原则设置引导员的工况,其出口利用率及逃生效率均最高,逃生效率的最佳工效统计(OPS)为0.087;基于最短路径原则设置引导员的工况位居其次,由于没有合理利用出口,导致所使用的逃生时间和无引导员工况的逃生时间相近,最佳工效统计(OPS)为0.417;无引导员工况的最佳工效统计(OPS)为0.443。仿真模拟研究结果表明,在公共场所紧急疏散时,按综合考虑出口通行能力和最短路径原则设置引导员,可提高人员疏散效率和出口利用率,同时减少人员疏散时间。     

出口位置对恐慌条件下小白鼠逃生效率的影响

通过燃烧的香所产生的烟气驱动小白鼠在恐慌条件下逃生,研究了群集效应下出口位置对恐慌疏散效率的影响。试验采用90只雌性小白鼠。出口宽2 cm,设置位于中间、靠近边界一侧、距离边界一侧2 cm、距离边界一侧10 cm和距离边界一侧20 cm 5种工况。每种工况试验前,首先对小白鼠进行逃生训练,使其熟悉出口位置。然后对每种工况进行若干次试验,分别记录每只小白鼠通过出口的时间。结果表明,出口位置对恐慌条件下的疏散效率有明显影响,边界出口效率明显高于中间出口,最优的出口位置是距离边界一侧2 cm处。